KALI LINUX FOR PENETRATION TESTING

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 this is the most advanced penetration testing from BACKTRACK offensive team.

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Disable Ping on Linux Server

How do you disable ping to Linux server? Here is the quick steps:

 To disable ping:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

To enable ping:

echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

That's all..!

How to configure linux print server

Hi All,

Linux uses the Common UNIX Printing System, also known as CUPS. CUPS uses the Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) to allow local printing and print sharing. The /etc/cups/ directory stores all the configuration files for printing. However, these files can be easily managed with the Printer Configuration Tool in Linux.

Exam question Raw (Model) printer named printer1 is installed and shared on 192.168.0.254. You should install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared printer using IPP Protocols.

Exam question Raw printer named printerx where x is your station number is installed and shared on server1.example.com. Install the shared printer on your PC to connect shared printer using IPP Protocols. Your server is 192.168.0.254.

Before you can use any printer, you first have to install it on a Linux system on your network. To start the Printer Configuration Tool, go to the System menu on the top panel and select Administration, Printing or execute the command system-config-printer.

If no printers are available for the system, only the Server Settings view is available for selection. If local printers are configured, a Local Printers menu will available.

Install new printer

click New Printer on the toolbar.

In the dialog window that appears, accept the default queue name or change it to a short, descriptive name that begins with a letter and does not contain spaces. Then select printer from list and click on forward and click on finsh.

spool directories
When your system prints a file, it makes use of special directories called spool directories. The location of the spool directory is obtained from the printer's entry in its configuration file. On Linux, the spool directory is located at /var/spool/cups under a directory with the name of the printer.

print job
A print job is a file to be printed. When you send a file to a printer, a copy of it is made and placed in a spool directory set up for that printer.

classes
CUPS features a way to let you select a group of printers to print a job instead of selecting just one. That way, if one printer is busy or down, another printer can be automatically selected to perform the job. Such groupings of printers are called classes. Once you have installed your printers, you can group them into different classes.

Once you have successfully installed local printer it will show in right pane. and in left pane you can see all administrative options.

• To view shared printer on other system Tick mark on first option
• To share locally attached printer tick mark on second option
• To allow remote administration of this printer check mark on third option

Tick mark on appropriate option and click on apply

configure window clients

Go on window system and ping from printer server and open internet explorer and give the ip address of server with printer port 631

This will launch CUPS web application click on manage printer

now you will see the shared printer on server click on print test page

A test page will be send on printer server copy this url of printer

click on start button select printer and fax and click on add new printer. this will launch add new printer wizard click next on welcome screen and select network printer

On this screen select internet printer and paste the url which you copied from internet explorer

Install appropriate driver from list or use have disk option you have drive cd and click next. On next screen set this printer defaults and click on next and finish.

Remote administration of print server

Go on linux system and ping from server and click on printing from administration menu

Now click on go to server

Now give print server ip address

It will take few minute to connect from server depending on network speed

Now give root password to connect printer server

you can see all print administrative Manu in right pane Once you have connected with sever

configure Linux clients

Go on linux system and ping from server and click on printing from administration menu

Now click on new printer

Click on forward In the next New Printer screen, select the type of connection to internet printing protocols and in hostname give server ip and printer name in printername

select the appropriate model. If multiple drivers are available, select the one most appropriate for your configuration. If you do not want to choose the default and click forward and finish. The main Printer Configuration window should now include the name of your printer.

To print test page click on print test page and a test page will send to print server

Managing Printers from the Command-Line

The lpadmin command enables you to perform most printer administration tasks from the command-line.

lpc      To view all known queues
lpr      To send print requests to any local print queue
lpq      To see the print queue
lprm     To delete the jobs of your choice use it  with the job number
lp       To print any file.

How to install Linux / UNIX *.tar.gz tarball files

Hi All,

In linux we are using .tar for taking back up of files in compression.so default rpm packege we can install easily but some software are including source code available in .tar format .so now i am going to show you how to install like these format files in linux/unix.

tar.gz also known as tarball, an archive format for electronic data and software. Most Linux tarball contains a source code for software. If you are new to Linux I recommend using apt-get, rpm and yum command to install all binary packages.

Tarballs are a group of files in one file. Tarball files have the extension .tar.gz, .tgz or .tar.bz2. Most open source software use tarballs to distribute programs/source codes.

# 1: Uncompress tarball

To uncompress them, execute the following command(s) depending on the extension:
$ tar zxf file.tar.gz
$ tar zxf file.tgz
$ tar jxf file.tar.bz2
$ tar jxf file.tbz2

Now change directory
$ ls
$ cd path-to-software/

# 2: Build and install software

Generally you need to type 3 commands as follows for building and compiling software:
# ./configure
# make
# make install

Where,

• ./configure will configure the software to ensure your system has the necessary functionality and libraries to successfully compile the package
• make will compile all the source files into executable binaries.
• Finally, make install will install the binaries and any supporting files into the appropriate locations.

# 3: Read INSTALL / README file

Each tarball comes with installation and build instructions. Open INSTALL or README file for more information:
$ vi INSTALL

RAID LEVELS

Hi All,

What is RAID? 

In 1987, Patterson, Gibson and Katz at the University of California Berkeley, published a paper entitled "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)" . This paper described various types of disk arrays, referred to by the acronym RAID. The basic idea of RAID was to combine multiple small, inexpensive disk drives into an array of disk drives which yields performance exceeding that of a Single Large Expensive Drive (SLED). Additionally, this array of drives appears to the computer as a single logical storage unit or drive.

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks and it basically involves 

combining two or more drives together to improve the performance and the fault tolerance. 

Combining two or more drives together also offers improved reliability and larger data volume sizes.A RAID distributes the data across several disks and the operating system considers this array as a single disk. 

Using Multiple Hard Drives for Performance and Reliability.

Types of RAID :

RAID 0 - Striping:

It is the Stripped Disk Array with no fault tolerance and it requires at least 2 drives to be implemented. Due to no redundancy feature, RAID 0 is considered to be the lowest ranked RAID level. Striped data mapping technique is implemented for high performance at low cost. 

The I/O performance is also improved as it is loaded across many channels. Regeneration, Rebuilding and functional redundancy are some salient features of RAID 0.

Raid1: Disk mirroring is the basic function occurs.

      1. It creats exact copy of one physical harddisk to another.

      2. It uses one controller

      3. If one drive fails system will boot with other drive.

      4. slow performance.

      5. Increased cost every mirror must be seperate physical device thus you must purchase   twice the storage capacity.

      6. no protection from controller failure.: if controller failure , the mirrored drives as just   inaccessible.

RAID 0+1:

It is the RAID array providing high data transference performance with at least 4 disks needed to implement the RAID 0+1 level. 

It's a unique combination of stripping and mirroring with all the best features of RAID 0 and RAID 1 included such as fast data access and fault tolerance at single drive level. The multiple stripe segments have added high I/O rates to the RAID performance and it is the best solution for maximum reliability.

RAID 2 (ECC):

It is the combination of Inherently Parallel Mapping and Protection RAID array. It's also known as ECC RAID because each data word bit is written to data disk which is verified for correct data or correct disk error when the RAID disk is read. Due to special disk features required, RAID 2 is not very popular among the corporate data storage masses, despite the extremely high data transference rates.

RAID 3:

RAID 3 works on the Parallel Transfer with Parity technique. The least number of disks required to implement the RAID array is 3 disks. 

In the RAID 3, data blocks are striped and written on data drives and then the stripe parity is generated, saved and afterwards used to verify the disk reads. Read and write data transfer rate is very high in RAID 3 array and disk failure causes insignificant effects on the overall performance of the RAID.

RAID 4:

RAID 4 requires a minimum of 3 drives to be implemented. It is composed of independent disks with shared parity to protect the data. Data transaction rate for Read is exceptionally high and highly aggregated. Similarly, the low ratio of parity disks to data disks indicates 

high efficiency.

RAID 5:

RAIDS 5 is Independent Distributed parity block of data disks with a minimum requirement of at least 3 drives to be implemented and N-1 array capacity. It helps in reducing the write inherence found in RAID 4. RAID 5 array offers highest data transaction Read rate, medium data transaction Write rate and good cumulative transfer rate.

Raid 5: Disk stripping with parity.It is completely Software based and higly secured technology.

      1. Raid 5 is in-expensive, but very convinient.

      2.The parity information is stored distributed in different disk .

      3.If one of the disk fails , it is hot swappable.

      4.Parity information is stored in other Harddisk is automatically 

 updated to failed one.

      5.If more than one disk fails, it should be restored from backup.

RAID 6:

RAIDS 6 is Independent Data Disk array with Independent Distributed parity. It is known to be an extension of RAID level 5 with extra fault tolerance and distributed parity scheme added. RAID 6 is the best available RAID array for mission critical applications and data storage needs, though the controller design is very complex and overheads are extremely high.

RAID 7:

RAID 7 is the Optimized Asynchrony array for high I/O and data transfer rates and is considered to be the most manageable RAID controller available. The overall write performance is also known to be 50% to 90% better and improved than the single spindle 

array levels with no extra data transference required for parity handling. RAID 7 is registered as a standard trademark of Storage Computer Corporation.

RAID 10:

RAID 10 is classified as the futuristic RAID controller with extremely high Reliability and performance embedded in a single RAID controller. 

The minimum requirement to form a RAID level 10 controller is 4 data disks. The implementation of RAID 10 is based on a striped array  of RAID 1 array segments, with almost the same fault tolerance level as RAID 1. RAID 10 controllers and arrays are suitable for 

uncompromising availability and extremely high throughput required systems an environment.

With all the significant RAID levels discussed here briefly, another important point to add is that whichever level of RAID is used regular and consistent data backup maintenance using tape storage is must as the regular tape storage is best media to recover from lost data scene.

RAID 1:

RAID 1 uses mirroring to write the data to the drives. It also offers fault tolerance from the disk errors and the array continues to operate efficiently as long as at least one drive is functioning properly.

The trade-off associated with the RAID 1 level is the cost required to purchase the additional disks to store data.

RAID 2:

It uses Hamming Codes for error correction. In RAID 2, the disks are synchronized and they're striped in very small stripes. It requires multiple parity disks.

RAID 3:

This level uses a dedicated parity disk instead of rotated parity stripes and offers improved performance and fault tolerance. 

The benefit of the dedicated parity disk is that the operation continues without parity if the parity drive stops working during the operation.

RAID 4:

It is similar to RAID 3 but it does block-level stripping instead of the byte-level stripping and as a result, a single file can be stored in blocks. RAID 4 allows multiple I/O requests in parallel but the data transfer speed will be less. 

Block level parity is used to perform the error detection.

RAID 5:

RAID 5 uses block-level stripping with distributed parity and it requires all drives but one to be present to operate correctly. 

The reads are calculated from the distributed parity upon the drive failure and the entire array is not destroyed by a single drive failure. 

However, the array will lose some data in the event of the second drive failure.

The above standard RAID levels can be combined together in different ways to create Nested RAID Levels which offer improved performance.

 Some of the known Nested RAID Levels are -

      RAID 0+1

      RAID 1+0

      RAID 3+0

      RAID 0+3

      RAID 10+0

      RAID 5+0

      RAID 6+0

Hardware RAID

• A conventional Hardware RAID consists of a RAID controller that is installed into the PC or server, and the array drives are connected to it.
• In high end external intelligent RAID controllers, the RAID controller is removed completely from the system to a separate box. Within the box the RAID controller manages the drives in the array, typically using SCSI, and then presents the logical drives of the array over a standard interface (again, typically a variant of SCSI) to the server using the array.

Software RAID:

In software RAID a software does the work of RAID controller in place of a hardware. Instead of using dedicated hardware controllers or intelligent boxes, we use a particular software that manages and implements RAID array with a system software routine.

Comparing Hardware RAID & Software RAID

      Portability

• OS Portability

  Software RAID is not usable across operating systems. So you cannot, for example, use two RAID disks configured in Linux with Windows XP and vice versa. This is big issue for dual booting systems where you will either have to provide a non-RAID disk for data sharing between the two operating system or use hardware RAID instead.
  As you know, dual booting is mostly obsolete these days as you can run multiple operating systems on the same machine using virtualization software like vmware & xen.

• Hardware Portability

  Software RAID

  In Linux you can mirror two disks using RAID-1, including the boot partition. If for any reason the hardware goes bad, you can simply take the harddisk to a different machine and it will just run fine on the new hardware. Also with a RAID-1 array, each of the harddisk will have full copy of the operating system and data, effectively providing you with two backups, each of which can be run from a different hardware.Unfortunately in Windows it is not so easy to switch a operating systrem from one hardware to another, but that is the story of priprietary licenses and we will keep it for another day.
  

  Hardware RAID 

  Hardware RAID is not so portable. You cannot just swap the hardware to a different machine and hope it will work. You have to find a Motherboard which is compatible with your RAID controller card; otherwise you can kiss your data goodbye. Also there is a bigger issue of problem with the RAID controller itself. If it fails and you cannot get the same controller from the market (and it has probably become obsolete by then), then again you can kiss your data goodbye.

Easy & Speedy Recovery

It may seem trivial but trust me, for a busy and loaded server, an easy and speedy recovery, that too inside the operating system without having to reboot is what one can dream of. Imagine if during the peak hours, your RAID system crashes and you are forced to reboot the machine to make changes to it to restore your data! Software RAID's like in Linux, not only continues working even when the hardware has failed, but also starts restoring the RAID array, should any spare disk be available. All of these happens in the background and without affecting your users. This is where software RAID shines brilliantly.

System Performance

Software RAID uses the CPU to do the work of the RAID controller. This is why high-end hardware RAID controller outperforms software RAID, especially for RAID-5, because it has a high powered dedicated processor. However for low end hardware RAID, the difference may be neglible to non-existent. In fact it is possible for the software RAID perform better than low end hardware RAID controller simply because today's desktop's and workstations are powered by very powerful processors and the task is trivial to them.

Support for RAID Standards

High-end Hardware RAID may be slightly more versatile than Software RAID in support for various RAID levels. Software RAID is normally support levels 0, 1, 5 and 10 (which is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID 1) whereas many Hardware RAID controller can also support esoteric RAID levels such as RAID 3 or RAID 1+0. But frankly who uses them?

Cost

This is where software RAID again scores over hardware RAID. Software RAID is free. Hardware RAID is moderate to high priced and can put a strain on your budget if deployed widely.
But over the years the cost of hardware RAID has come down exponentially. So it may not be too far when more affordable RAID-5 cards will be built-in on newer motherboards.

Future Proof

Gone are the days when we could associate software RAIDs with bugs and OS problems. Nowadays software RAIDs are almost flawless. We are using software RAID in linux operating system for several years and haven't experienced any problem whatsoever. On the contrary, hardware RAID has a single point of failure and that is its hardware controller. If it crashes then your only option is to find another equivalent RAID controller from the market; by this time the model may become obsolete and you may not even find anything compatible. You are as such faced with the haunting prospect of losing all your data, should the RAID controller fail. Software RAID will never become obsolete and will continue to get updated with updated versions of your operating system.

Why Use RAID? Benefits and Costs, Tradeoffs and Limitations

RAID offers many advantages over the use of single hard disks, but it is clearly not for everyone. The potential for increased capacity, performance and reliability are attractive, but they come with real costs. Nothing in life is free. In this section I take an overview look at RAID, to help explain its benefits, costs, tradeoffs and limitations. This should give you a better idea if RAID is for you, and help you to understand what RAID can do--and what it can't do.
As you read on, it's essential to keep in mind that with RAID, it's definitely the case that "the devil is in the details". Most common blanket statements made about RAID like "RAID improves availability" or "RAID is for companies that need fast database service" or "RAID level 5 is better than RAID level 0" are only true at best part of the time. In almost every case, it depends. Usually, what RAID is and what it does for you depends on what type you choose and how you implement and manage it. For example, for some applications RAID 5 is better than RAID 0; for others, RAID 0 is vastly superior to RAID 5! There are situations where a RAID design, hardware and software that would normally result in high reliability could result instead in disaster if they are not properly controlled.

RAID Benefits

Alright, let's take a look at the good stuff first. :^) RAID really does offer a wealth of significant advantages that would be attractive to almost any serious PC user . (Unfortunately, there are still those pesky costs ,tradeoffs  and limitations  to be dealt with... :^) ) The degree that you realize the various benefits below does depend on the exact type of RAID that is set up and how you do it, but you are always going to get some combination of the following:
Higher Data Security: Through the use of redundancy, most RAID levels provide protection for the data stored on the array. This means that the data on the array can withstand even the complete failure of one hard disk (or sometimes more) without any data loss, and without requiring any data to be restored from backup. This security feature is a key benefit of RAID and probably the aspect that drives the creation of more RAID arrays than any other. All RAID levels  provide some degree of data protection , depending on the exact implementation, except RAID level 0 .

Fault Tolerance: RAID implementations that include redundancy provide 

a much more reliable overall storage subsystem than can be achieved by a single disk. 

This means there is a lower chance of the storage subsystem as a whole failing 

due to hardware failures. (At the same time though, the added hardware used in 

RAID means the chances of having a hardware problem of some sort 

with an individual component, even if it doesn't take down the storage subsystem, is increased

Improved Availability: Availability refers to access to data. Good RAID systems improve availability both by providing fault tolerance and by providing special features that allow for recovery from hardware faults without disruption. 

Increased, Integrated Capacity: By turning a number of smaller drives into a larger array, 

you add their capacity together (though a percentage of total capacity is lost to overhead or 

redundancy in most implementations). This facilitates applications that require large

 amounts of contiguous disk space, and also makes disk space management simpler. 

Let's suppose you need 300 GB of space for a large database. Unfortunately, no hard disk 

manufacturer makes a drive nearly that large. You could put five 72 GB drives into the system,

 but then you'd have to find some way to split the database into five pieces, and you'd be 

stuck with trying to remember what was were. Instead, you could set up a RAID 0 array 

containing those five 72 GB hard disks; this will appear to the operating system as a single,

 360 GB hard disk! All RAID implementations provide this "combining" benefit, though the 

ones that include redundancy of course "waste" some of the space on that redundant information.

Improved Performance: Last, but certainly not least, RAID systems improve performance by allowing  the controller to exploit the capabilities of multiple hard disks to get around performance-limiting mechanical issues that plague individual hard disks. Different RAID implementations improve performance in different ways and to different degrees, but all improve it in some way.

Solaris Backup and Restore with ufsdump :- Some useful options

Hi All,

1. Backing up to a file:

root@host #  ufsdump -0f /admin/backup/etc.dump /etc

  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Mon Jul 05 16:41:36 2010

  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch

  DUMP: Dumping /dev/rdsk/c1t0d0s0 (cat:/) to /admin/backup/etc.dump.

  DUMP: Mapping (Pass I) [regular files]

  DUMP: Mapping (Pass II) [directories]

  DUMP: Writing 32 Kilobyte records

  DUMP: Estimated 148290 blocks (72.41MB).

  DUMP: Dumping (Pass III) [directories]

  DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]

  DUMP: 147902 blocks (72.22MB) on 1 volume at 8136 KB/sec

  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE

2. Restoring data from backup file.

For non interactive (this will restore everything) restore:-

ufsrestore -xvf /admin/backup/etc.dump

for interactive restore:-

ufsrestore -ivf /admin/backup/etc.dump

Here is the proceedure to restore single file named hosts.090610 only.

 ufsrestore -ivf /admin/backup/etc.dump

root@host # ufsrestore -ivf etc.dump

Verify volume and initialize maps

Media block size is 126

Dump   date: Mon Jul 05 16:41:36 2010

Dumped from: the epoch

Level 0 dump of a partial file system on cat:/etc

Label: none

Extract directories from tape

Initialize symbol table.

ufsrestore >

ufsrestore > cd /etc

ufsrestore > ls hosts*

   1378  hosts

   5795  hosts.090610

ufsrestore >

ufsrestore > add hosts.090610

Warning: ./etc: File exists

ufsrestore > extract

Extract requested files

You have not read any volumes yet.

Unless you know which volume your file(s) are on you should start

with the last volume and work towards the first.

Specify next volume #: 1

extract file ./etc/hosts.090610

Add links

Set directory mode, owner, and times.

set owner/mode for '.'? [yn] y

Directories already exist, set modes anyway? [yn] y

3. Copying the contents of a directory to another directory including symbolic links. This is useful when you want to migrate data to new mount point or different path.

Here, all the data /etc will be copied to /admin/backup/etc.

root@host #mkdir /admin/backup/etc

root@host# ufsdump -0f  - /etc|(cd /admin/backup/etc;ufsrestore -xvf -).

Just before this command finish, it may prompt for setting ownership, it must be answered as yes.

After complete above command, if  you found that its restored using relative path, you can just use mv command to move the data.

For instance, if the restoration happend /admin/backup/etc/etc, you do a mv *  /admin/backup/etc/etc/* /admin/backup/etc.

list of operating systems

 Hi All,
This list offers hundreds of operating system product and project names, many of them are based on the same operating system more or less with more or less differences in the source code. The most operating systems can be traced to few development lines and derive from a small amount of system software. This applies especially to Linux distributions with a low number of main distributions. Further projects which largely use the same code base have forged to new distributions. Other operating system families are Windows and Unix
Operating systems (573)

2K
86-DOS
A/UX
Acados
ACP (Airline Control Program)
AdaOS
ADMIRAL
Adrenaline
aerolitheOS
Aimos
AIOS
AIX
AIX/370
AIX/ESA
Allegro
AllianceOS
Alto OS
Amiga OS
Amoeba
Amstrad
AMX RTOS
AngelOS
Antarctica
AOS/VS
Aperios
Apollo Domain/OS
ApolloOS
Apostle
AROS
ARTOS
Asbestos
Athena
AtheOS
AtomsNet
AuroraOS
B-Free
BAL
Banyan VINES
Basic Executive System
BeIA
BeOS
Beowulf
BKY
BlueEyedOS
BOS
BOS1810
BoxOS
bpmk
BPMK
BRiX
BS600
BS2000
BSDi
BugOS
Calmira
CCP (Computer Control Program)
CDOS
Cefarix
C Executive
Chaos
Chimera
Chippewa OS
Choices
Chorus
Cinder OS
Cisco IOS
Clicker32
CMW+ (SCO)
COBRA
Coherent
CONSENSYS
ConvexOS
Cos
Cosy
Counterpoise
CP/K
CP/M
CP/NET
CPF (Control Program Facility)
Cromix
Cronus
CTOS
CTSS
CX/SX
Cyber (CDC)
Cygnus
Darwin
Data General
DC/OSx
DCP
Degenerate OS
Delitalk
Deming OS
DEMOS
DesktopBSD
DESKWORK
DG/UX
DIGITAL UNIX
dingOS
DK/DOS
DLD
DNIX
Domain OS
DOS
DOS2
DOS 50
Dosket
dr'ex
DR-DOS
Drops
Drywell OS
DS-OS
DTOS
DVIX
DYNIX Unix (Sequent)
ECL-3211
eComStation
eCos
EduOS
EGOS
ekkoBSD
Elate
ELKS
Elysium
EOS
EP/IX
EPOC
ERaMS
ERIKA
EROS
ESER
ESIX
Eumel
EuNIX
Exopc
ExOS
Express
Famos
FDOS
Fiasco
Flamethrower
FlashOS
FlexOS
FLP-80 DOS
Flux
Flux-Fluke-Flask
FMS
Forth
FreeBSD
FreeDOS
FreeDOWS
FreeVMS
FullPliant
FunatixOS
FxOS
GazOS
GCOS
GECOS
GeekOS
Gemini Nucleus
Genera
GEORGE
GEOS
GM OS
GNU Hurd
GNUstep
Go
Goah
Gould OS
Grasshopper
GUIDE
Haïku
HA-MSP
Hactar
Harmony
Helios
HES
Hive
HOPE
HP-87 OS
HP-UX
HT-11
Hurd
Hurricane
HydrixOS
i5/OS
IBM PC-DOS
IBSYS
Icaros Desktop
ICL Unix
Immunix
Inferno
INMOS
INTEGRITY RTOS
Iridium OS
IRIX
iRMX
IRTS
ISC (Interactive)
ISIS
ISSL
ITRON
ITS
JAMB
JavaOS
Jbed
JeniOS
Jeo-OS
Jibbed
JOS
JTMOS
JUNOS
JxOS
KAOS
Katix
Kea
Kerberos
KeyKOS
KOS
KRONOS
KROS
KRUD
Kylin
L4
L13Plus
LainOS
LAN Manager
LDOS
LegOS
leJOS
Linux
Lisa OS
LTSS
LynxOS
Möbius
Mach
Mac OS 8
Mac OS 9
Mac OS X
MANOS
MaRTE OS
Maruti
Masix
Maverick OS
MBOS
MCP (Master Control Program)
MDOS
MenuetOS
Merlin
Micriµm
MICRODOS
MicroVMS
MikeOS
Minima
Minix
Minux
Miranda
Miray µnOS
MITE 80/IOS
MK++
ML
ModulOS
Monitor
MorphOS
MOS
MOSIX
MPE/iX
MPE OS
MRT1700
MS-DOS
MSOS
MT809
Multics
Mungi
MUTOS
muVinix
MVS
NachOS
NCR Unix
NEC DOS
NECUX
Nemesis
NeOS
NetBSD
Netware
NewDeal
NEWDOS
NewOS
NEWS-OS
Newton OS
NexentaOS
NeXTStep
NextworksOS
Nexus
Nimbus
Node OS
NOS
NOS/BE
NOS/VE
Nova
Novell DOS
NS/GDOS
NSK
NTDIOS
Nucleus
Oaesis
Oasis
Oberon
Objex
Odin
Omega 4
OnCore
On Time RTOS-32
Opal
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How To Make An Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop Resemble A Mac

Hi All,
how you can change the appearance of your Ubuntu 10.10 desktop so that it resembles a Mac. This can be achieved with the help of Elementary, Docky, and Gloobus-Preview. Elementary is a project that provides a popular icon set and GTK theme; Docky is an interactive dock (like the one you know from a Mac) that provides easy access to some of the files, folders, and applications on your computer, and more; and Gloobus-Preview is an extension for the Gnome Desktop Environment designed to enable a full screen preview of any kind of file or directory.

1 Preliminary Note

Docky requires that you use a compositing manager on your desktop. If you've enabled Compiz Fusion (e.g. as shown in this tutorial: Enabling Compiz Fusion On An Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop (NVIDIA GeForce 8200)), then you're good to go. If your hardware doesn't support Compiz Fusion, you should enable the metacity compositing manager.

2 Installing Elementary, Docky, And Gloobus

Docky is available as a package in the official Ubuntu 10.10 repositories, but Elementary and Gloobus-Preview are not. Fortunately there are packages available on Launchpad, so we have to add software sources to our system so that we can install these packages. Go to System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager:

In the Synaptic Package Manager, go to Settings > Repositories:

Go to the Other Software tab and click on the Add button:

Add the first new repository in the APT line field:

deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/elementaryart/ppa/ubuntu maverick main

Then click on the Add Source button:

Do the same for the following three repositories:

• deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/elementaryart/ppa/ubuntu maverick main
• ppa:gloobus-dev/gloobus-preview
• ppa:am-monkeyd/nautilus-elementary-ppa

Click on Close in the Software Sources window afterwards:

Because of the new repositories, the system's package database needs to be updated...

... to do this, click on the Reload button in the following window:

Now the package database is being updated:

Still in the Synaptic Package Manager, select the following packages for installation (you can use the Quick search field to search for them):

• elementary-theme
• elementary-icon-theme
• elementary-wallpapers
• docky
• gloobus-preview

Click on Apply to install the packages:

3 Activating Elementary

To activate the Elementary theme, go to System > Preferences > Appearance:

On the Theme tab, select the elementary theme - the desktop theme should change immediately:

Go to the Background tab and select a wallpaper that you like - the wallpaper should also change immediately:

                  I do not issue any guarantee that this will work for you!

Enabling Compiz Fusion On An Ubuntu 10.10 Desktop (NVIDIA GeForce 8200)

Hi All,

Here shows how you can enable Compiz Fusion on an Ubuntu 10.10 desktop (the system must have a 3D-capable graphics card - I'm using an NVIDIA GeForce 8200 here). With Compiz Fusion you can use beautiful 3D effects like wobbly windows or a desktop cube on your desktop.

1 Preliminary Note

I have tried this on a desktop computer with an NVIDIA GeForce 8200. It should work the same way with all other NVIDIA graphics cards.

2 Enabling The NVIDIA Driver

To use 3D effects on an NVIDIA graphics card, we need the proprietary NVIDIA driver which we can install from the Additional Drivers tool. The Additional Drivers tool can be started from System > Administration > Additional Drivers:

The Additional Drivers tool should tell you that there are NVIDIA graphics drivers available for your system - select the recommended one. To install it, click on Activate:

Type in your password:
Afterwards the NVIDIA driver is being downloaded and installed:

The Additional Drivers tool should now tell you that a system restart is required to activate the driver. Click on Close to leave the Additional Drivers tool...

... and then reboot the system:

After the reboot the system uses the proprietary NVIDIA graphics driver.

3 Installing Simple Compizconfig Settings Manager (simple-ccsm)

Open the Synaptic Package Manager (System > Administration > Synaptic Package Manager):

Select the package simple-ccsm (simple Compizconfig settings manager) and install it: